Recent Innovations in Psychology

Recent Innovations in Psychology

The Effectiveness of Mindful Parenting Training on Cognitive Emotion Regulation in Mothers of Children Aged 5 to 10 Years

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Javad Seydi 1
Seyedeh Maryam Moshirian Farahi 2
Ata Tehranchi 2
1 MSc. in General Psychology, Imam Reza International University, Mashhad, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Imam Reza International University, Mashhad, Iran
10.22034/rip.2025.507970.1087
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of mindful parenting training on cognitive emotion regulation in mothers of children aged 5 to 10 years. The research design was quasi-experimental, employing a pretest-posttest model with a control group and a two-month follow-up. The statistical population of the study consisted of mothers of children aged 5 to 10 years from one of the districts of Mashhad city. A total of 40 mothers were voluntarily selected and randomly assigned to either the experimental or control groups. Data collection was conducted using the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). The experimental group received mindful parenting training over 10 sessions, while no intervention was provided for the control group. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed that mindful parenting training was effective in increasing the use of adaptive strategies and reducing the use of maladaptive strategies for cognitive emotion regulation among mothers (P < 0.01). Based on the findings of this study, mindful parenting training enhances mothers' utilization of adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Therefore, the results of this study are recommended for family educators, psychologists, and child and adolescent counselors.
Keywords
cognitive emotion regulation
mindfulness
parenting

Subjects

References

Begeer, S., Wierda, M., Scheeren, A. M., Teunisse, J. P., Koot, H. M., & Geurts, H. M. (2014). Verbal fluency in children with autism spectrum disorders: Clustering and switching strategies. Autism. 18(8), 1014-1018. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361313500381

Bögels, S., & Restifo, K. (2013). Session 8: Are we there yet? A mindful path through parenting. Mindful parenting: A guide for mental health practitioners, 287-300. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7406-7_12

Bowne, J. (2015). Enhancing and practicing executive function skills with children from infancy to adolescence. Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University. URL: https://h7.cl/1gyXK

De la Fuente, J., Martínez-Vicente, J. M., Santos, F. H., Sander, P., Fadda, S., Karagiannopoulou, E., ... & Kauffman, D. F. (2022). Advances on self-regulation models: A new research agenda through the SR vs ER behavior theory in different psychology contexts. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 861493. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.861493

Duncan, L. G., Coatsworth, J. D., & Greenberg, M. T. (2009). A model of mindful parenting: Implications for parent–child relationships and prevention research. Clinical child and family psychology review, 12(3), 255-270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-009-0046-3

Ebrahimi, A. A., Kassani, A., Menati, R., Abedi, A., Yarmohammadian, A., & Faramarzi, S. (2015). The assessment of validity and reliability of behavior rating inventory of executive functions in Iranian pre-school children. International Journal of School Health, 2(4), 18-24.  http://dx.doi.org/10.17795/intjsh29022

Farzamkia, S., & Hatami, Z. (2024). Tendency to Risky Behaviors in Emerging Adulthood: The Role of Impulsivity and Cognitive Emotion Regulation. Recent Innovations in Psychology, 1(3), 60-72 (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22034/rip.2024.457167.1030

Fogel, Y., Rosenblum, S., Hirsh, R., Chevignard, M., Josman, N. (2020). Daily performance of adolescents with executive function deficits: An empirical study using a complex-cooking task. Occupational Therapy International, 20(3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3051809

Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2002). Manual for the use of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Leiderdorp, the Netherlands: DATEC, 23(3), 141-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.23.3.141

Gioia, G. A., lsquith, P. K., Guy, S. C., & Kenworthy, L. (2000). Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t73087-000

Gioia, G.A., Isquith, P.K., Roth, R.M. (2017). Behavior Rating Inventory for Executive Function. In: Kreutzer, J., DeLuca, J., Caplan, B. (eds) Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_1881-2

Harris-Waller, J., Granger, C., & Hussain, M. (2018). Psychological interventions for adoptive parents: A systematic review. Adoption & Fostering, 42(1), 6-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308575918754481

Hassani, J. (2011). The reliability and validity of the short form of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. Journal of Research in Behavioral Sciences, 9(4), 229-240 (In Persian). URL: http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.17352029.1390.9.4.2.5

Heidari, M., Moheb, N., Vahedi, S., & Alivandi Vafa, M. (2022). Studying the causal relationships among parental psychological control, and mindfulness with adolescents' high-risk behaviors mediating the role of emotional self-regulation. Iranian Journal of Family Psychology, 9(1), 16-29 (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22034/ijfp.2022.540136.1043

Kabat-Zinn, J., & Kabat-Zinn, M. (2021). Mindful parenting: Perspectives on the heart of the matter. Mindfulness, 12(2), 266-268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01564-7

Kakhki, Z. B., Mashhadi, A., Yazdi, S. A. A., & Saleh, S. (2022). The effect of mindful parenting training on parent–child interactions, parenting stress, and cognitive emotion regulation in mothers of preschool children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 31(11), 3113-3124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02420-z

Liu, P., Liu, N., Jia, G., Li, H., Wang, Y., Liu, L., ... & Qian, Q. (2023). Effects of mindful parenting program on the executive function and resting state brain functional connectivity for parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Mindfulness, 14(8), 1868-1881. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-023-02178-5

Lo, H. H. M. (2024). Mindful Parenting and Mindfulness-Based Programs on Parents. In Mindfulness for Children, Adolescents, and Families: Integrating Research into Practice (pp. 115-133). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51943-7_7

Maliken, A. C., & Katz, L. F. (2013). Exploring the impact of parental psychopathology and emotion regulation on evidence-based parenting interventions: A transdiagnostic approach to improving treatment effectiveness. Clinical child and family psychology review, 16(2), 173-186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-013-0132-4

Mani, A., Ghelijkhani, S., Haghighat, R., Ahmadzadeh, L., Chohedri, E., et al. (2018). Validity and Reliability of the Persian Version of the Self-Report Form of Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult version (BRIEF-A). Shiraz E-Medical Journal, 19(2), e14295. https://doi.org/10.5812/semj.14295.

Montroy, J. J., Bowles, R. P., Skibbe, L. E., McClelland, M. M., & Morrison, F. J. (2016). The development of self-regulation across early childhood. Developmental psychology, 52(11), 1744-1762.  https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000159

Rezayi, M., & Sardary, B. (2020). The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Intervention on Response Inhibition in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorders. The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam, 9(1), 45-55 (In Persian). http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/shefa.9.1.45

River, L. M., O’Reilly Treter, M., Rhoades, G. K., & Narayan, A. J. (2022). Parent–child relationship quality in the family of origin and later romantic relationship functioning: A systematic review. Family process, 61(1), 259-277.‏ https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12650

Sahrakar, S., Ghodratee, S., & Bazzazian, S. (2024). The effectiveness of mindfulness in executive functions and cognitive regulation of emotion in students with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Exceptional Education, 6(178), 82-94 (In Persian). URL: https://exceptionaleducation.ir/article-1-2644-en.html

Sajadi, S., Fooladchang, M., Yousefi, F., & Sheykh alIslami, R. (2023). The effectiveness of mindfulness-based education on self-blame and working memory in adolescents. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 10(4), 16-30 (In Persian). URL: http://jcp.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3538-en.html

Sansone, A. (2024). The central role of mindful parenting in child’s emotional regulation and human flourishing: a blueprint perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1420588. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1420588

Smetana, J. G. (2017). Current research on parenting styles, dimensions, and beliefs. Current opinion in psychology, 15, 19-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.012

Wong, K., Hicks, L. M., Seuntjens, T. G., Trentacosta, C. J., Hendriksen, T. H., Zeelenberg, M., & Van den Heuvel, M. I. (2019). The role of mindful parenting in individual and social decision-making in children. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 550.‏ https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00550

Zarenezhad, S., & Soltani Kouhbanani, S. (2021). Investigating the Relationship between Mindful Parenting and Children's Executive Functions: The Mediating Role of Brain Waves. Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health, 8(4), 32-42 (In Persian). http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/jcmh.8.4.4

References
Begeer, S., Wierda, M., Scheeren, A. M., Teunisse, J. P., Koot, H. M., & Geurts, H. M. (2014). Verbal fluency in children with autism spectrum disorders: Clustering and switching strategies. Autism. 18(8), 1014-1018. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361313500381
Bögels, S., & Restifo, K. (2013). Session 8: Are we there yet? A mindful path through parenting. Mindful parenting: A guide for mental health practitioners, 287-300. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7406-7_12
Bowne, J. (2015). Enhancing and practicing executive function skills with children from infancy to adolescence. Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University. URL: https://h7.cl/1gyXK
De la Fuente, J., Martínez-Vicente, J. M., Santos, F. H., Sander, P., Fadda, S., Karagiannopoulou, E., ... & Kauffman, D. F. (2022). Advances on self-regulation models: A new research agenda through the SR vs ER behavior theory in different psychology contexts. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 861493. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.861493
Duncan, L. G., Coatsworth, J. D., & Greenberg, M. T. (2009). A model of mindful parenting: Implications for parent–child relationships and prevention research. Clinical child and family psychology review, 12(3), 255-270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-009-0046-3
Ebrahimi, A. A., Kassani, A., Menati, R., Abedi, A., Yarmohammadian, A., & Faramarzi, S. (2015). The assessment of validity and reliability of behavior rating inventory of executive functions in Iranian pre-school children. International Journal of School Health, 2(4), 18-24.  http://dx.doi.org/10.17795/intjsh29022
Farzamkia, S., & Hatami, Z. (2024). Tendency to Risky Behaviors in Emerging Adulthood: The Role of Impulsivity and Cognitive Emotion Regulation. Recent Innovations in Psychology, 1(3), 60-72 (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22034/rip.2024.457167.1030
Fogel, Y., Rosenblum, S., Hirsh, R., Chevignard, M., Josman, N. (2020). Daily performance of adolescents with executive function deficits: An empirical study using a complex-cooking task. Occupational Therapy International, 20(3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3051809
Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2002). Manual for the use of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Leiderdorp, the Netherlands: DATEC, 23(3), 141-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.23.3.141
Gioia, G. A., lsquith, P. K., Guy, S. C., & Kenworthy, L. (2000). Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t73087-000
Gioia, G.A., Isquith, P.K., Roth, R.M. (2017). Behavior Rating Inventory for Executive Function. In: Kreutzer, J., DeLuca, J., Caplan, B. (eds) Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_1881-2
Harris-Waller, J., Granger, C., & Hussain, M. (2018). Psychological interventions for adoptive parents: A systematic review. Adoption & Fostering, 42(1), 6-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308575918754481
Hassani, J. (2011). The reliability and validity of the short form of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. Journal of Research in Behavioral Sciences, 9(4), 229-240 (In Persian). URL: http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.17352029.1390.9.4.2.5
Heidari, M., Moheb, N., Vahedi, S., & Alivandi Vafa, M. (2022). Studying the causal relationships among parental psychological control, and mindfulness with adolescents' high-risk behaviors mediating the role of emotional self-regulation. Iranian Journal of Family Psychology, 9(1), 16-29 (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22034/ijfp.2022.540136.1043
Kabat-Zinn, J., & Kabat-Zinn, M. (2021). Mindful parenting: Perspectives on the heart of the matter. Mindfulness, 12(2), 266-268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01564-7
Kakhki, Z. B., Mashhadi, A., Yazdi, S. A. A., & Saleh, S. (2022). The effect of mindful parenting training on parent–child interactions, parenting stress, and cognitive emotion regulation in mothers of preschool children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 31(11), 3113-3124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02420-z
Liu, P., Liu, N., Jia, G., Li, H., Wang, Y., Liu, L., ... & Qian, Q. (2023). Effects of mindful parenting program on the executive function and resting state brain functional connectivity for parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Mindfulness, 14(8), 1868-1881. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-023-02178-5
Lo, H. H. M. (2024). Mindful Parenting and Mindfulness-Based Programs on Parents. In Mindfulness for Children, Adolescents, and Families: Integrating Research into Practice (pp. 115-133). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51943-7_7
Maliken, A. C., & Katz, L. F. (2013). Exploring the impact of parental psychopathology and emotion regulation on evidence-based parenting interventions: A transdiagnostic approach to improving treatment effectiveness. Clinical child and family psychology review, 16(2), 173-186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-013-0132-4
Mani, A., Ghelijkhani, S., Haghighat, R., Ahmadzadeh, L., Chohedri, E., et al. (2018). Validity and Reliability of the Persian Version of the Self-Report Form of Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult version (BRIEF-A). Shiraz E-Medical Journal, 19(2), e14295. https://doi.org/10.5812/semj.14295.
Montroy, J. J., Bowles, R. P., Skibbe, L. E., McClelland, M. M., & Morrison, F. J. (2016). The development of self-regulation across early childhood. Developmental psychology, 52(11), 1744-1762.  https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000159
Rezayi, M., & Sardary, B. (2020). The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Intervention on Response Inhibition in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorders. The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam, 9(1), 45-55 (In Persian). http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/shefa.9.1.45
River, L. M., O’Reilly Treter, M., Rhoades, G. K., & Narayan, A. J. (2022). Parent–child relationship quality in the family of origin and later romantic relationship functioning: A systematic review. Family process, 61(1), 259-277.‏ https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12650
Sahrakar, S., Ghodratee, S., & Bazzazian, S. (2024). The effectiveness of mindfulness in executive functions and cognitive regulation of emotion in students with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Exceptional Education, 6(178), 82-94 (In Persian). URL: https://exceptionaleducation.ir/article-1-2644-en.html
Sajadi, S., Fooladchang, M., Yousefi, F., & Sheykh alIslami, R. (2023). The effectiveness of mindfulness-based education on self-blame and working memory in adolescents. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 10(4), 16-30 (In Persian). URL: http://jcp.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3538-en.html
Sansone, A. (2024). The central role of mindful parenting in child’s emotional regulation and human flourishing: a blueprint perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1420588. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1420588
Smetana, J. G. (2017). Current research on parenting styles, dimensions, and beliefs. Current opinion in psychology, 15, 19-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.012
Wong, K., Hicks, L. M., Seuntjens, T. G., Trentacosta, C. J., Hendriksen, T. H., Zeelenberg, M., & Van den Heuvel, M. I. (2019). The role of mindful parenting in individual and social decision-making in children. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 550.‏ https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00550
Zarenezhad, S., & Soltani Kouhbanani, S. (2021). Investigating the Relationship between Mindful Parenting and Children's Executive Functions: The Mediating Role of Brain Waves. Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health, 8(4), 32-42 (In Persian). http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/jcmh.8.4.4

  • Receive Date 22 January 2025
  • Revise Date 20 February 2025
  • Accept Date 25 February 2025
  • First Publish Date 28 February 2025