Recent Innovations in Psychology

Recent Innovations in Psychology

Psychometric Characteristics of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles-Short Form

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Mehdi Shomali Ahmadabadi 1
Atefe Barkhordari Ahmadabadi 2
1 PhD. in Psychology, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch ,Islamic Azad University,, Isfahan, Iran
2 MSc. student in Clinical Psychology, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
10.22034/rip.2024.470578.1050
Abstract
The objective of this study is to examine the psychometric characteristics of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles-Short Form (PICTS-L-SF). This quantitative and descriptive research was conducted among a sample of male convicted prisoners in Ardakan (a city in Iran). A sample of 244 individuals was selected on the basis of convenience sampling. The research instrument included the short form of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles-Short Form (PICTS-L-SF). To assess the validity and reliability of the data, confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson correlation, and internal consistency were employed. The internal consistency of the scale was evaluated by calculating the correlation coefficients of the individual items with the scale dimensions, which yielded satisfactory results. The second-order confirmatory factor analysis yielded a satisfactory fit, with factor loadings exceeding 0.40, as evidenced by the results. Cronbach's alpha values for proactive and reactive criminal thinking and the total score of criminal thinking were 0.89, 0.91 and 0.95, respectively, indicating that the PICTS-L-SF exhibited the desired level of reliability. The findings of this study indicate that the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles-Short Form (PICTS-L-SF) is an appropriate inventory for measuring criminal thoughts among male prisoners.
Keywords
criminal thinking
reliability
validity

Subjects

References

Anderson, C. M., Honours, B. A., & Justice, C. (2019). The Impact of Algorithms in Criminal Sentencing on Due Process Rights (Doctoral dissertation, Queen's University Belfast).  URL: https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/236355240

Augusteijn, F., Pemberton, A., CJH Bijleveld, C., & Bosma, A. K. (2024). The predictability of court-adjudicated compensation for pain and suffering damages within the criminal proceedings and the role of victim labels: A case study on victims of sexual crime in the Netherlands. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 17488958231222190.  https://doi.org/10.1177/17488958231222190

Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford publications. URL: https://books.google.com/books

Dillman, D. A. (2011). Mail and Internet surveys: The tailored design method--2007 Update with new Internet, visual, and mixed-mode guide. John Wiley & Sons. URL: https://books.google.com/books

Fasanu, O. O., & Osinowo, H. O. (2023). Development and Validation of the Criminal Thinking Scale (CTS).‏ East African Scholars Journal of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, 5(4), 100-104. https://doi.org/10.36349/easjpbs.2023.v05i04.004

Knight, K., Garner, B. R., Simpson, D. D., Morey, J. T., & Flynn, P. M. (2006). An assessment for criminal thinking. Crime & Delinquency, 52(1), 159-177.‏ https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128705281749

Mirhashemi, M., Zaree, H., & Nazariolom, M. (2018). The Determining of Proportion Personal and Punishment Variables in Explaining Offender's Criminal Thinking. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology, 18(4), 115-125 (In Persian). URL: https://journals.iau.ir/article_539414.html

Mitchell, S. M., Bartholomew, N. R., Morgan, R. D., & Cukrowicz, K. C. (2017). A preliminary investigation of the psychological inventory of criminal thinking styles–layperson edition–short form. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 44(5), 756-769.‏ https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854816685591

Morgan, R. D., Flora, D. B., Kroner, D. G., Mills, J. F., Varghese, F., & Steffan, J. S. (2012). Treating offenders with mental illness: a research synthesis. Law and human behavior, 36(1), 37-50.‏ https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093964

Muna, C. (2024). A Literature Review Study of the Role of Family Education in Minimizing Klitih Crime and Moral Decadence in Yogyakarta. Muslim Education Review, 3(1), 145-172. https://doi.org/10.56529/mer.v3i1.272

Nyazmand, H., Barzegar, M., Bagholi, H., & Sohrabi Shegefti, N. (2022). The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on prisoners' psychological capital and criminal thinking in Bushehr city. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi Journal (RRJ), 10(12), 239-250 (In Persian). URL: https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.2383353.1400.10.12.18.0

Sharafi Zadegan, M., Fattahi, A., Sarafraz, M., & Firoozi, M. (2023). Investigating the psychometric properties of the persian version of the psychological inventory of criminal thinking styles. Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, 10(5), 21-25 (In Persian). http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/shenakht.10.5.29

Shomali-Ahmadabadi, M., Rezapour-Mirsaleh, Y., & Yousefi, Z. (2024a). Effectiveness of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) on Self- Control and Impulsivity in Male Prisoners. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 19(2), 185-195. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v19i2.15104

Shomali-Ahmadabadi, M., Rezapour-Mirsaleh, Y., & Yousefi, Z. (2024b). The Effectiveness of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy on Reducing Proactive and Reactive Criminal Thinking among Male Adult Offenders in Iran. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 18(1), 22-28. http://doi.org/10.30491/IJBS.2024.421239.2038

Walters, G. D. (1995). The psychological inventory of criminal thinking styles: Part I: Reliability and preliminary validity. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 22(3), 307-325.‏ https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854895022003008

Walters, G. D. (2002). The psychological inventory of criminal thinking styles (PICTS) A review and meta-analysis. Assessment, 9(3), 278-291.‏ https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191102009003007

Walters, G. D. (2006). The psychological inventory of criminal thinking styles (PICTS) professional manual. Allentown, PA: Center for Lifestyle Studies. URL:https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Psychological+Inventory

Walters, G. D. (2007). Measuring proactive and reactive criminal thinking with the PICTS: Correlations with outcome expectancies and hostile attribution biases. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22(4), 371-385. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260506296988

Walters, G. D. (2011). Criminal thinking as a mediator of the mental illness–prison violence relationship: A path analytic study and causal mediation analysis. Psychological Services, 8(3), 189.  https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024684

Walters, G. D. (2015). Early childhood temperament, maternal monitoring, reactive criminal thinking, and the origin (s) of low self-control. Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(5), 369-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2015.07.001

Walters, G. D. (2016). Proactive and reactive criminal thinking, psychological inertia, and the crime continuity conundrum. Journal of Criminal Justice, 46, 45-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.03.003

Walters, G. D. (2021). Explaining the drug-crime connection with peers, proactive criminal thinking, and victimization: Systemic, cognitive social learning, and person proximity mechanisms. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 35(3), 366-374. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000606

Walters, G. D. (2024). The Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles: A Scoping Review of its Reliability, Factor Structure, Concurrent Correlates, Predictive Correlates, Change Scores, and Cross-National Comparability in Non-US Samples. International Criminology, 4, 138-148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43576-024-00124-6

References
Anderson, C. M., Honours, B. A., & Justice, C. (2019). The Impact of Algorithms in Criminal Sentencing on Due Process Rights (Doctoral dissertation, Queen's University Belfast).  URL: https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/236355240
Augusteijn, F., Pemberton, A., CJH Bijleveld, C., & Bosma, A. K. (2024). The predictability of court-adjudicated compensation for pain and suffering damages within the criminal proceedings and the role of victim labels: A case study on victims of sexual crime in the Netherlands. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 17488958231222190.  https://doi.org/10.1177/17488958231222190
Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford publications. URL: https://books.google.com/books
Dillman, D. A. (2011). Mail and Internet surveys: The tailored design method--2007 Update with new Internet, visual, and mixed-mode guide. John Wiley & Sons. URL: https://books.google.com/books
Fasanu, O. O., & Osinowo, H. O. (2023). Development and Validation of the Criminal Thinking Scale (CTS).‏ East African Scholars Journal of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, 5(4), 100-104. https://doi.org/10.36349/easjpbs.2023.v05i04.004
Knight, K., Garner, B. R., Simpson, D. D., Morey, J. T., & Flynn, P. M. (2006). An assessment for criminal thinking. Crime & Delinquency, 52(1), 159-177.‏ https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128705281749
Mirhashemi, M., Zaree, H., & Nazariolom, M. (2018). The Determining of Proportion Personal and Punishment Variables in Explaining Offender's Criminal Thinking. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology, 18(4), 115-125 (In Persian). URL: https://journals.iau.ir/article_539414.html
Mitchell, S. M., Bartholomew, N. R., Morgan, R. D., & Cukrowicz, K. C. (2017). A preliminary investigation of the psychological inventory of criminal thinking styles–layperson edition–short form. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 44(5), 756-769.‏ https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854816685591
Morgan, R. D., Flora, D. B., Kroner, D. G., Mills, J. F., Varghese, F., & Steffan, J. S. (2012). Treating offenders with mental illness: a research synthesis. Law and human behavior, 36(1), 37-50.‏ https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093964
Muna, C. (2024). A Literature Review Study of the Role of Family Education in Minimizing Klitih Crime and Moral Decadence in Yogyakarta. Muslim Education Review, 3(1), 145-172. https://doi.org/10.56529/mer.v3i1.272
Nyazmand, H., Barzegar, M., Bagholi, H., & Sohrabi Shegefti, N. (2022). The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on prisoners' psychological capital and criminal thinking in Bushehr city. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi Journal (RRJ), 10(12), 239-250 (In Persian). URL: https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.2383353.1400.10.12.18.0
Sharafi Zadegan, M., Fattahi, A., Sarafraz, M., & Firoozi, M. (2023). Investigating the psychometric properties of the persian version of the psychological inventory of criminal thinking styles. Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, 10(5), 21-25 (In Persian). http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/shenakht.10.5.29
Shomali-Ahmadabadi, M., Rezapour-Mirsaleh, Y., & Yousefi, Z. (2024a). Effectiveness of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) on Self- Control and Impulsivity in Male Prisoners. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 19(2), 185-195. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v19i2.15104
Shomali-Ahmadabadi, M., Rezapour-Mirsaleh, Y., & Yousefi, Z. (2024b). The Effectiveness of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy on Reducing Proactive and Reactive Criminal Thinking among Male Adult Offenders in Iran. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 18(1), 22-28. http://doi.org/10.30491/IJBS.2024.421239.2038
Walters, G. D. (1995). The psychological inventory of criminal thinking styles: Part I: Reliability and preliminary validity. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 22(3), 307-325.‏ https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854895022003008
Walters, G. D. (2002). The psychological inventory of criminal thinking styles (PICTS) A review and meta-analysis. Assessment, 9(3), 278-291.‏ https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191102009003007
Walters, G. D. (2006). The psychological inventory of criminal thinking styles (PICTS) professional manual. Allentown, PA: Center for Lifestyle Studies. URL:https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Psychological+Inventory
Walters, G. D. (2007). Measuring proactive and reactive criminal thinking with the PICTS: Correlations with outcome expectancies and hostile attribution biases. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22(4), 371-385. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260506296988
Walters, G. D. (2011). Criminal thinking as a mediator of the mental illness–prison violence relationship: A path analytic study and causal mediation analysis. Psychological Services, 8(3), 189.  https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024684
Walters, G. D. (2015). Early childhood temperament, maternal monitoring, reactive criminal thinking, and the origin (s) of low self-control. Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(5), 369-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2015.07.001
Walters, G. D. (2016). Proactive and reactive criminal thinking, psychological inertia, and the crime continuity conundrum. Journal of Criminal Justice, 46, 45-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.03.003
Walters, G. D. (2021). Explaining the drug-crime connection with peers, proactive criminal thinking, and victimization: Systemic, cognitive social learning, and person proximity mechanisms. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 35(3), 366-374. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000606
Walters, G. D. (2024). The Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles: A Scoping Review of its Reliability, Factor Structure, Concurrent Correlates, Predictive Correlates, Change Scores, and Cross-National Comparability in Non-US Samples. International Criminology, 4, 138-148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43576-024-00124-6

  • Receive Date 30 July 2024
  • Revise Date 18 August 2024
  • Accept Date 22 August 2024
  • First Publish Date 08 December 2024