Recent Innovations in Psychology

Recent Innovations in Psychology

Tendency to Risky Behaviors in Emerging Adulthood: The Role of Impulsivity and Cognitive Emotion Regulation

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Samane Farzamkia 1
Zohreh Hatami 2
1 MSc. in General Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2 Ph.D. in General Psychology, Shahid Hashemi Nejad Campus, Farhangian University, Mashhad, Iran
10.22034/rip.2024.457167.1030
Abstract
The current research aimed to explore how impulsivity and cognitive emotion regulation influence students' inclination towards tendency to risky behaviors. Utilizing a correlational study design, 224 first-year students (112 females and 132 males) from a university in Bojnourd were chosen via stratified sampling. They completed the Iranian Adolescents Risk-taking Scale (IARS), the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11), and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). The analysis, conducted with Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression. The results revealed that the tendency to use drugs (R2=0.12), alcohol (R2=0.04), smoking (R2=0.08), as well as the tendency to violence (R2=0.06), sexual behaviour (R2=0.24), and establishing a relationship with the opposite sex (R2=0.10), can be explained in terms of the cognitive emotion regulation of and impulsivity. Furthermore, the stepwise regression demonstrated that these two factors are predictors of risky behaviors among students. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that impulsivity, or acting without reflection and cognitive regulation of emotions, and the processes of reviewing, evaluating and adjusting emotional reactions, play a role in students' tendency to engage in risky behaviours.
Keywords
risky behaviors
impulsivity
cognitive emotion regulation
emerging adulthood

Subjects

References

Asghari, M., Abdollahi, M. H., & Shahgholian, M.  (2021). The Role of Impulsivity, Executive Functions and Dispositional Mindfulness in the Occurrence of Risky-Taking Behaviors of Young People. Psychological Studies, 17(3), b137-156. https://doi.org/10.22051/psy.2021.37338.2497

Barati, F., Pourshahbaz, A., Nosratabadi, M., & Mohammadi, Z. (2020). The role of impulsivity, attentional bias and decision-making styles in risky driving behaviors. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction, 9(2), e98001. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.98001

Birthrong, A., & Latzman, R. D. (2014). Aspects of impulsivity are differentially associated with risky sexual behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 57, 8-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.09.009

Faramarzi, F. (2021). Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in Predicting Risky Behaviors in Students. International Journal of Medical Investigation, 10(1), 92-104. URL: http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.23222913.2021.10.1.3.7

Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2002). Manual for the use of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Leiderdorp, the Netherlands: DATEC, 23(3), 141-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.23.3.141

Gealt, R., Gunter, W., Martin, S., O’Connell, D., & Visher, C. (2012). Binge Drinking and Other Risk Behaviors among College Students.  Center for Drug and Alcohol Studies, University of Delaware; Newark, USA. URL: https://bpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/sites.udel.edu/dist/9/12983/files/2022/08/CRBS-2015-Report.pdf   

Hasani, J., Chashmi, S. J. E., Firoozabadi, M. A., Noory, L., Turel, O., & Montag, C. (2024). Cognitive emotion regulation mediates the relationship between big-five personality traits and internet use disorder tendencies. Computers in Human Behavior, 152, 108020. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4496364

Hasking, P., & Claes, L. (2019). Transdiagnostic mechanisms involved in nonsuicidal self-injury, risky drinking and disordered eating: Impulsivity, emotion regulation and alexithymia. Journal of American College Health, 68(6), 603-609. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2019.1583661

Hassani, J. (2011). The reliability and validity of the short form of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. Journal of Research in Behavioral Sciences, 9(4), 229-240 (In Persian). URL: http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.17352029.1390.9.4.2.5

Jangezahi Shastan, N., Kord Tamini, B., & Karbalaei Hrafteh, F. S. (2021). The role of cognitive emotion regulation in predicting high-risk behaviors mediated by welfare school for 14-17 year old girls in Saravan. Iranian Journal of Educational Sociology, 4(1), 86-94. https://doi.org/10.52547/ijes.4.1.86

Javid, M., Mohammadi, N., & Rahimi, C. (2012). Psychometric properties of an Iranian version of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11). Psychological Models and Methods, 2(8), 23-34 (In Persian). URL: https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.22285516.1391.2.8.2.1

Mashkani, B., & Gholipour, M. (2024). Canonical Correlation of Personality Traits and Social Well-being in Emerging Adulthood. Recent Innovations in Psychology, 1(2), 1-14 (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22034/rip.2024.192651

Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2016). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. Sage publications. URL: https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/applied-

Miller, A. E., & Racine, S. E. (2020). Emotion regulation difficulties as common and unique predictors of impulsive behaviors in university students. Journal of American College Health, 70(5), 1387-1395. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1799804

Moallem, N. R., & Ray, L. A. (2012). Dimensions of impulsivity among heavy drinkers, smokers, and heavy drinking smokers: Singular and combined effects. Addictive Behaviors, 37, 871 –874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.03.002

Mohammad Khanlou, M., Bazazian, S., & Vatankhah, H. R. (2022). The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral training on emotion regulation and high-risk behaviors in high school students. Iranian Evolutionary and Educational Psychology, 4(2), 388-397. https://doi.org/10.52547/ieepj.4.2.388

Naeim, M., Rezaeisharif, A., & Kamran, A. (2021). The role of impulsivity and cognitive emotion regulation in the tendency toward addiction in male students. Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment, 20(4), 278–287. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000243

Öngen, D. E. (2010). Cognitive emotion regulation in the prediction of depression and submissive behavior: Gender and grade level differences in Turkish adolescents. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 1516-1523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.358

Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S., & Barratt, E. S. (1995). Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. Journal of clinical psychology, 51(6), 768-774. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(199511)51:6%3C768::AID-JCLP2270510607%3E3.0.CO;2-1

Poorolajal, J., Mohammadi, Y., Soltanian, A. R., & Ahmadpoor, J. (2018). The top six risky behaviors among Iranian university students: A national survey. Journal of Public Health, 41(4), 788-797. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy204

Rudasill, K. M., Reio Jr, T. G., Stipanovic, N., & Taylor, J. E. (2010). A longitudinal study of student–teacher relationship quality, difficult temperament, and risky behavior from childhood to early adolescence. Journal of school psychology, 48(5), 389-412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2010.05.001

Ryan, K. K., James MacKillop, J., & Carpenter, M. J. (2013). The relationship between impulsivity, risk-taking propensity and nicotine dependence among older adolescent smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 38, 1431 –1434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.08.013

Tanhaye Reshvanloo, F., Kareshki, H., & Aminyazdi, S. A. (2023). Introduction and application of self-determination theory-based intervention in improving intimate relationships in youth. Tehran, Avaye Noor (In Persian).  URL: https://ketab.ir/book/f61b28fa-f20b-481a-ab29-c3186fd7928c

West, S. G., Finch, J. F. & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with non-normal variables: Problems and remedies, In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues and ... 56-75), Sage, Thousand Oaks, 1995. URL: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1995-97753-004

Whittaker, T. A., & Schumacker, R. E. (2022). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003044017

Wilson, S. E., Garcia, K., Fava, N. M., & Leeman, R. F. (2024). Examining the Relationships Among Adverse Experiences, Impulsivity, and Alcohol Use: A Scoping Review of Recent Literature. Current Addiction Reports, 11(2), 210-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-024-00552-4

Zadeh Mohammadi, A., Ahmadabadi, Z., & Heidari, M. (2011). Construction and Assessment of Psychometric Features of Iranian Adolescents Risk-Taking Scale. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 17(3), 218-225 (In Persian). URL: http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1417-en.html

References
Asghari, M., Abdollahi, M. H., & Shahgholian, M.  (2021). The Role of Impulsivity, Executive Functions and Dispositional Mindfulness in the Occurrence of Risky-Taking Behaviors of Young People. Psychological Studies, 17(3), b137-156. https://doi.org/10.22051/psy.2021.37338.2497
Barati, F., Pourshahbaz, A., Nosratabadi, M., & Mohammadi, Z. (2020). The role of impulsivity, attentional bias and decision-making styles in risky driving behaviors. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction, 9(2), e98001. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.98001
Birthrong, A., & Latzman, R. D. (2014). Aspects of impulsivity are differentially associated with risky sexual behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 57, 8-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.09.009
Faramarzi, F. (2021). Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in Predicting Risky Behaviors in Students. International Journal of Medical Investigation, 10(1), 92-104. URL: http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.23222913.2021.10.1.3.7
Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2002). Manual for the use of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Leiderdorp, the Netherlands: DATEC, 23(3), 141-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.23.3.141
Gealt, R., Gunter, W., Martin, S., O’Connell, D., & Visher, C. (2012). Binge Drinking and Other Risk Behaviors among College Students.  Center for Drug and Alcohol Studies, University of Delaware; Newark, USA. URL: https://bpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/sites.udel.edu/dist/9/12983/files/2022/08/CRBS-2015-Report.pdf   
Hasani, J., Chashmi, S. J. E., Firoozabadi, M. A., Noory, L., Turel, O., & Montag, C. (2024). Cognitive emotion regulation mediates the relationship between big-five personality traits and internet use disorder tendencies. Computers in Human Behavior, 152, 108020. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4496364
Hasking, P., & Claes, L. (2019). Transdiagnostic mechanisms involved in nonsuicidal self-injury, risky drinking and disordered eating: Impulsivity, emotion regulation and alexithymia. Journal of American College Health, 68(6), 603-609. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2019.1583661
Hassani, J. (2011). The reliability and validity of the short form of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. Journal of Research in Behavioral Sciences, 9(4), 229-240 (In Persian). URL: http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.17352029.1390.9.4.2.5
Jangezahi Shastan, N., Kord Tamini, B., & Karbalaei Hrafteh, F. S. (2021). The role of cognitive emotion regulation in predicting high-risk behaviors mediated by welfare school for 14-17 year old girls in Saravan. Iranian Journal of Educational Sociology, 4(1), 86-94. https://doi.org/10.52547/ijes.4.1.86
Javid, M., Mohammadi, N., & Rahimi, C. (2012). Psychometric properties of an Iranian version of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11). Psychological Models and Methods, 2(8), 23-34 (In Persian). URL: https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.22285516.1391.2.8.2.1
Mashkani, B., & Gholipour, M. (2024). Canonical Correlation of Personality Traits and Social Well-being in Emerging Adulthood. Recent Innovations in Psychology, 1(2), 1-14 (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22034/rip.2024.192651
Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2016). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. Sage publications. URL: https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/applied-
Miller, A. E., & Racine, S. E. (2020). Emotion regulation difficulties as common and unique predictors of impulsive behaviors in university students. Journal of American College Health, 70(5), 1387-1395. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1799804
Moallem, N. R., & Ray, L. A. (2012). Dimensions of impulsivity among heavy drinkers, smokers, and heavy drinking smokers: Singular and combined effects. Addictive Behaviors, 37, 871 –874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.03.002
Mohammad Khanlou, M., Bazazian, S., & Vatankhah, H. R. (2022). The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral training on emotion regulation and high-risk behaviors in high school students. Iranian Evolutionary and Educational Psychology, 4(2), 388-397. https://doi.org/10.52547/ieepj.4.2.388
Naeim, M., Rezaeisharif, A., & Kamran, A. (2021). The role of impulsivity and cognitive emotion regulation in the tendency toward addiction in male students. Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment, 20(4), 278–287. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000243
Öngen, D. E. (2010). Cognitive emotion regulation in the prediction of depression and submissive behavior: Gender and grade level differences in Turkish adolescents. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 1516-1523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.358
Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S., & Barratt, E. S. (1995). Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. Journal of clinical psychology, 51(6), 768-774. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(199511)51:6%3C768::AID-JCLP2270510607%3E3.0.CO;2-1
Poorolajal, J., Mohammadi, Y., Soltanian, A. R., & Ahmadpoor, J. (2018). The top six risky behaviors among Iranian university students: A national survey. Journal of Public Health, 41(4), 788-797. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy204
Rudasill, K. M., Reio Jr, T. G., Stipanovic, N., & Taylor, J. E. (2010). A longitudinal study of student–teacher relationship quality, difficult temperament, and risky behavior from childhood to early adolescence. Journal of school psychology, 48(5), 389-412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2010.05.001
Ryan, K. K., James MacKillop, J., & Carpenter, M. J. (2013). The relationship between impulsivity, risk-taking propensity and nicotine dependence among older adolescent smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 38, 1431 –1434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.08.013
Tanhaye Reshvanloo, F., Kareshki, H., & Aminyazdi, S. A. (2023). Introduction and application of self-determination theory-based intervention in improving intimate relationships in youth. Tehran, Avaye Noor (In Persian).  URL: https://ketab.ir/book/f61b28fa-f20b-481a-ab29-c3186fd7928c
West, S. G., Finch, J. F. & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with non-normal variables: Problems and remedies, In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues and ... 56-75), Sage, Thousand Oaks, 1995. URL: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1995-97753-004
Whittaker, T. A., & Schumacker, R. E. (2022). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003044017
Wilson, S. E., Garcia, K., Fava, N. M., & Leeman, R. F. (2024). Examining the Relationships Among Adverse Experiences, Impulsivity, and Alcohol Use: A Scoping Review of Recent Literature. Current Addiction Reports, 11(2), 210-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-024-00552-4
Zadeh Mohammadi, A., Ahmadabadi, Z., & Heidari, M. (2011). Construction and Assessment of Psychometric Features of Iranian Adolescents Risk-Taking Scale. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 17(3), 218-225 (In Persian). URL: http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1417-en.html

  • Receive Date 21 March 2024
  • Revise Date 04 May 2024
  • Accept Date 07 May 2024
  • First Publish Date 12 May 2024