Recent Innovations in Psychology

Recent Innovations in Psychology

Prediction of Marital Satisfaction and Life Expectancy Based on Psychological Hardiness and Tendency to Forgive

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Vahid Abdolmanafi 1
Erfan Oghbaei Bonab 2
Elnaz Zeydabadinejad 3
Ahmad Esmali 4
Sirwan Shami 5
1 MSc. in Clinical Psychology,Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
2 MSc. in Clinical Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
3 MSc. in Clinical Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
4 Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Maraghe University, Maraghe, Iran
5 MSc. in Psychology, Maragheh University, Maragheh, Iran
10.22034/rip.2024.451423.1018
Abstract
The present study aimed to predict marital satisfaction and life expectancy based on psychological hardiness and forgiveness tendencies. In a correlational design, 100 couples were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling from married individuals in Tehran. Data were collected using the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMS), Snyder Hope Scale (SHS), Ahvaz Hardiness Inventory (AHI), and Heartland Forgiveness Scale(HFS). Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multiple regression. The results revealed a significant positive relationship between psychological hardiness and forgiveness with life expectancy (P < 0.01). However, the relationship between psychological hardiness and marital satisfaction was not significant (P > 0.05). Regression analysis indicated that marital satisfaction was predictable only based on forgiveness (β = 0.39), while life expectancy was predictable based on psychological hardiness (β = 0.31) and forgiveness (β = 0.30). It appears that couples' levels of commitment, control, and challenge-seeking, along with their tendency to forgive themselves and others, can significantly enhance life expectancy and marital satisfaction. The findings of this study can be utilized by couples therapists.
Keywords
life expectancy
marital satisfaction
psychological hardiness
forgiveness tendency

Subjects

References

Abbasi, M. E., Golmohammadian, M., & Kakabraee, K. (2023). Enhancing Psychological Hardiness and Distress Tolerance in Mothers of Hard of Hearing Children: The Efficacy of Mindfulness Integrated With Spiritual Therapy. Journal of Clinical Research in Paramedical Sciences, 12(2), e138109. https://doi.org/10.5812/jcrps-138109

Be, D., Whisman, M. A., & Uebelacker, L. A. (2013). Prospective associations between marital adjustment and life satisfaction. Personal Relationships, 20(4), 728-739.  https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12011

Bloch, L., Haase, C. M., & Levenson, R. W. (2014). Emotion regulation predicts marital satisfaction: More than a wives’ tale. Emotion, 14(1), 130. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034272

Bonanno, G. A. (2008). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events?. Psychological trauma: theory, research, practice, and policy, (1), 101-113. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.59.1.20

Brudek, P., & Kaleta, K. (2023). Marital offence-specific forgiveness as mediator in the relationships between personality traits and marital satisfaction among older couples: Perspectives on Lars Tornstam's theory of gerotranscendence. Ageing & Society, 43(1), 161-179. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X21000465

Cherlin, A. J. (2004). The deinstitutionalization of American marriage. Journal of marriage and family, 66(4), 848-861.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00058.x

Fowers, B. J., & Olson, D. H. (1993). ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale: A brief research and clinical tool. Journal of Family Psychology, 7(2), 176–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.7.2.176

Fowers, B. J., & Olson, D. H. (1993). ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale: A brief research and clinical tool. Journal of Family Psychology, 7(2), 176–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.7.2.176

Ghaniei, R., Rezapour Mirsaleh, Y., Choobforoushzadeh, A., & Koohestani, F. (2022). Relationship of Expressing Emotion in the Family, Psychological Acceptance and Feelings of Inferiority with Hope in Adolescents from Low-Income Families. Positive Psychology Research, 8(3), 81-98 (In Persain). https://doi.org/10.22108/ppls.2022.129013.2128

Ghazanfari Shabankare, M., Heidari, A., Makvandi, B., & Marashian, F. S. (2021). Relationship of Forgiveness and Feeling of Loneliness with Attitudes toward Marital Infidelity Regarding the Moderating Role of Marital Satisfaction in Married Students. Avicenna Journal of Neuro Psycho Physiology, 8(2), 77-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32592/ajnpp.2021.8.2.103

Griffin, B., Loh, V., & Hesketh, B. (2013). A mental model of factors associated with subjective life expectancy. Social Science & Medicine, 82, 79-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.01.026

Harley, D., & Hunn, V. (2015). Utilization of photovoice to explore hope and spirituality among low-income African American adolescents. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 32, 3-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-014-0354-4

Hashemi Sheykhshabani, S., Amini, F., & Bassaknejad, S. (2010). The relationship between forgiveness and psychological wellbeing with mediating role of affects in university students. Psychological Achievements, 17(1), 52-33 (In Persian). URL: https://psychac.scu.ac.ir/article_11655.html?lang=en

Hawkins, A. J., Allen, S. E., & Yang, C. (2017). How does couple and relationship education affect relationship hope? An intervention‐process study with lower income couples. Family Relations, 66(3), 441-452. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12268

Kaleta, K., & Jaśkiewicz, A. (2024). Forgiveness in marriage: From incidents to marital satisfaction. Journal of Family Issues, 45(7), 1764-1788. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X231194294

Kaleta, K., & Mróz, J. (2018). Forgiveness and life satisfaction across different age groups in adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 120, 17-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.008

Kermani, Z., Khodapanahi, MK., & Heidari, M. (2012). Psychometric Properties of Snyder's Hope Scale. Applied Psychology, 5(4), 7-23(In Persian). URL: https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.20084331.1390.5.4.7.8

Khandandel, S., & Kavianfar, H. (2015). Role of trust in interpersonal relationships and family hardiness in marital satisfaction in working couples. Family Pathology, Counseling and Enrichment Journal, 1(1), 14-31 (In Persian). URL: https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.24234869.1394.1.1.2.1

Kim, J. J., Payne, E. S., & Tracy, E. L. (2022). Indirect effects of forgiveness on psychological health through anger and hope: A parallel mediation analysis. Journal of religion and health, 61(5), 3729-3746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01518-4

Kobasa, S. C., Maddi, S. R., & Kahn, S. (1982). Hardiness and health: A prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(1), 168–177. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.42.1.168

Kravchuk, S. (2021). The relationship between psychological resilience and tendency to forgiveness. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 10(1), 11-21. URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

Kuo, J. C.-L., & Raley, R. K. (2016). Diverging patterns of union transition among cohabitors by race/ethnicity and education: Trends and marital intentions in the United States. Demography, 53(4), 921-935. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-016-0483-9

Li, T., & Fung, H. H. (2014). How avoidant attachment influences subjective well-being: An investigation about theageandgender differences. Aging & mental health, 18(1), 4-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2013.775639

Low, C. H., Lim, P., & Koh, K. K. (2021, December). Toward a Model of Hardiness Development: The Effect of Hope on Hardiness. In 34th Annual Australian & New Zealand Academy of Management (ANZAM) Conference (pp. 383-401). Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management (ANZAM). URL: https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/lkcsb_research/6889

Maddi, S. R., & Khoshaba, D. M. (1994). Hardiness and mental health. Journal of personality Assessment, 63(2), 265-274. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6302_6

McDonald, P., Pini, B., Bailey, J., & Price, R. (2011). Young people’s aspirations for education, work, family and leisure. Work, employment and society, 25(1), 68-84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017010389242

Mund, P. (2016). Kobasa concept of hardiness. International Research Journal of Engineering, IT and Scientific Research, 2(1), 34-40. URL: https://sloap.org/journals/index.php/irjeis/article/view/243

Mund, P. (2017). Hardiness and culture: a study with reference to 3 Cs of Kobasa. International Research Journal of Management, IT and Social Sciences, 4(2), 152-159. URL: https://sloap.org/journals/index.php/irjmis/article/view/456

Nekokerdaran, M., Izadi, M., & Mardani, M. (2022). The Relationship between Psychological Well-Being and Psychological Hardiness with Marital Intimacy in Married Women of Qom City. Journal of Excellence in counseling and psychotherapy, 10(40), 18-28 (In Persain). URL: https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.25382799.1400.10.40.2.0

Nunes, C., Martins, C., Leal, A., Pechorro, P., Ferreira, L. I., & Ayala-Nunes, L. (2022). The ENRICH Marital Satisfaction (EMS) Scale: A psychometric study in a sample of Portuguese parents. Social Sciences, 11(3), 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11030107

Predko, V., Schabus, M., & Danyliuk, I. (2023). Psychological characteristics of the relationship between mental health and hardiness of Ukrainians during the war. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1282326. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1282326

Proulx, C. M., & Snyder-Rivas, L. A. (2013). The longitudinal associations between marital happiness, problems, and self-rated health. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(2), 194–202. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031877

Rezaei, S., Seifizade, A., & Qorbanpoor Lafmejani, A. (2020). Mediating Role of Stress-Coping Responses in the Association of Resiliency and Hardiness With the Life Satisfaction of Married People. Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 6(3), 170-180. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/CJNS.6.22.7

Robles, T. F., Slatcher, R. B., Trombello, J. M., & McGinn, M. M. (2014). Marital quality and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 140(1), 140–187. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031859

Rosenfeld, M. J., & Roesler, K. (2019). Cohabitation experience and cohabitation's association with marital dissolution. Journal of marriage and family, 81(1), 42-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12530

Şahan, B. (2021). Does forgiveness affect marital satisfaction?. Spiritual psychology and counseling, 6(3), 83-108. https://doi.org/10.37898/spc.2021.6.3.146

Sayehmiri, K., Kareem, K. I., Abdi, K., Dalvand, S., & Gheshlagh, R. G. (2020). The relationship between personality traits and marital satisfaction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC psychology, 8, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-020-0383-z

Sepehrian-Azar, F., Mohammadi, N., Badalpoor, Z., & Norozzadeh, V. (2016). The relationship between hope and happiness with marital satisfaction. Journal of health and care, 18(1), 37-44 (In Persain). URL: https://hcjournal.arums.ac.ir/article-1-435-en.html

Shahbazi, M., & Khademali, G. (2018). The study and comparison of marital satisfaction, quality of life, happiness and life expectancy among married women with either less or more than five years of marital. Biannual Journal of Applied Counseling, 8(2), 39-54 (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22055/jac.2018.27623.1639

Snyder, C. R. (1996). To hope, to lose, and to hope again. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 1(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325029608415455

Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological inquiry, 13(4), 249-275. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1304_01

Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., ... & Harney, P. (1991). The will and the ways: development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of personality and social psychology, 60(4), 570. URL: https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/1991-17270-001

Thornton, M. S. (2018). Family hardiness, family coping, and marital satisfaction as reported by caregivers of children who have been diagnosed with significant disabilities: A mixed methods online research study (Doctoral dissertation). URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11274/10698

Wnuk, M. (2024). Are religious practices indirectly related to stress at work through the tendency to forgive? A sample of Polish employees. Journal of religion and health, 63(3), 2259-2275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01710-6

Worthington Jr, E. L., & Ripley, J. S. (2024). Hope, forgiveness, and positive psychology in couple therapy. Taylor & Francis. URL: https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=NBokEQAA

Yamhure Thompson, L., Snyder, C. R., & Hoffman, L. (2005). Heartland Forgiveness Sclae. Faculty Publications, Department of Psychology, 452. URL:https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1451&context=psychfacpub

Yau, W. P. (2015). Wong Kar‐wai, Auteur and Adaptor: Ashes of Time and In The Mood for Love. A Companion to Wong Kar‐wai, 540-557. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118425589.ch25

Yip, T. H. J., & Tse, W. S. (2019). Why hope can reduce negative emotion? Could psychosocial resource be the mediator? Psychology, health & medicine, 24(2), 193-206. 10.1080/13548506.2018.1493207

Zahed Babolan, A., Ghasempour, A., & Hassanzade, Sh. (2011). The Role of Forgiveness and Psychological Hardiness in Prediction of Hope. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology, 12(3), 12-19 (In Persian). URL: https://sanad.iau.ir/journal/jsrp/Article/533794?jid=533794

References
Abbasi, M. E., Golmohammadian, M., & Kakabraee, K. (2023). Enhancing Psychological Hardiness and Distress Tolerance in Mothers of Hard of Hearing Children: The Efficacy of Mindfulness Integrated With Spiritual Therapy. Journal of Clinical Research in Paramedical Sciences, 12(2), e138109. https://doi.org/10.5812/jcrps-138109
Be, D., Whisman, M. A., & Uebelacker, L. A. (2013). Prospective associations between marital adjustment and life satisfaction. Personal Relationships, 20(4), 728-739.  https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12011
Bloch, L., Haase, C. M., & Levenson, R. W. (2014). Emotion regulation predicts marital satisfaction: More than a wives’ tale. Emotion, 14(1), 130. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034272
Bonanno, G. A. (2008). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events?. Psychological trauma: theory, research, practice, and policy, (1), 101-113. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.59.1.20
Brudek, P., & Kaleta, K. (2023). Marital offence-specific forgiveness as mediator in the relationships between personality traits and marital satisfaction among older couples: Perspectives on Lars Tornstam's theory of gerotranscendence. Ageing & Society, 43(1), 161-179. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X21000465
Cherlin, A. J. (2004). The deinstitutionalization of American marriage. Journal of marriage and family, 66(4), 848-861.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00058.x
Fowers, B. J., & Olson, D. H. (1993). ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale: A brief research and clinical tool. Journal of Family Psychology, 7(2), 176–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.7.2.176
Fowers, B. J., & Olson, D. H. (1993). ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale: A brief research and clinical tool. Journal of Family Psychology, 7(2), 176–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.7.2.176
Ghaniei, R., Rezapour Mirsaleh, Y., Choobforoushzadeh, A., & Koohestani, F. (2022). Relationship of Expressing Emotion in the Family, Psychological Acceptance and Feelings of Inferiority with Hope in Adolescents from Low-Income Families. Positive Psychology Research, 8(3), 81-98 (In Persain). https://doi.org/10.22108/ppls.2022.129013.2128
Ghazanfari Shabankare, M., Heidari, A., Makvandi, B., & Marashian, F. S. (2021). Relationship of Forgiveness and Feeling of Loneliness with Attitudes toward Marital Infidelity Regarding the Moderating Role of Marital Satisfaction in Married Students. Avicenna Journal of Neuro Psycho Physiology, 8(2), 77-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32592/ajnpp.2021.8.2.103
Griffin, B., Loh, V., & Hesketh, B. (2013). A mental model of factors associated with subjective life expectancy. Social Science & Medicine, 82, 79-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.01.026
Harley, D., & Hunn, V. (2015). Utilization of photovoice to explore hope and spirituality among low-income African American adolescents. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 32, 3-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-014-0354-4
Hashemi Sheykhshabani, S., Amini, F., & Bassaknejad, S. (2010). The relationship between forgiveness and psychological wellbeing with mediating role of affects in university students. Psychological Achievements, 17(1), 52-33 (In Persian). URL: https://psychac.scu.ac.ir/article_11655.html?lang=en
Hawkins, A. J., Allen, S. E., & Yang, C. (2017). How does couple and relationship education affect relationship hope? An intervention‐process study with lower income couples. Family Relations, 66(3), 441-452. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12268
Kaleta, K., & Jaśkiewicz, A. (2024). Forgiveness in marriage: From incidents to marital satisfaction. Journal of Family Issues, 45(7), 1764-1788. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X231194294
Kaleta, K., & Mróz, J. (2018). Forgiveness and life satisfaction across different age groups in adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 120, 17-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.008
Kermani, Z., Khodapanahi, MK., & Heidari, M. (2012). Psychometric Properties of Snyder's Hope Scale. Applied Psychology, 5(4), 7-23(In Persian). URL: https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.20084331.1390.5.4.7.8
Khandandel, S., & Kavianfar, H. (2015). Role of trust in interpersonal relationships and family hardiness in marital satisfaction in working couples. Family Pathology, Counseling and Enrichment Journal, 1(1), 14-31 (In Persian). URL: https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.24234869.1394.1.1.2.1
Kim, J. J., Payne, E. S., & Tracy, E. L. (2022). Indirect effects of forgiveness on psychological health through anger and hope: A parallel mediation analysis. Journal of religion and health, 61(5), 3729-3746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01518-4
Kobasa, S. C., Maddi, S. R., & Kahn, S. (1982). Hardiness and health: A prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(1), 168–177. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.42.1.168
Kravchuk, S. (2021). The relationship between psychological resilience and tendency to forgiveness. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 10(1), 11-21. URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Kuo, J. C.-L., & Raley, R. K. (2016). Diverging patterns of union transition among cohabitors by race/ethnicity and education: Trends and marital intentions in the United States. Demography, 53(4), 921-935. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-016-0483-9
Li, T., & Fung, H. H. (2014). How avoidant attachment influences subjective well-being: An investigation about theageandgender differences. Aging & mental health, 18(1), 4-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2013.775639
Low, C. H., Lim, P., & Koh, K. K. (2021, December). Toward a Model of Hardiness Development: The Effect of Hope on Hardiness. In 34th Annual Australian & New Zealand Academy of Management (ANZAM) Conference (pp. 383-401). Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management (ANZAM). URL: https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/lkcsb_research/6889
Maddi, S. R., & Khoshaba, D. M. (1994). Hardiness and mental health. Journal of personality Assessment, 63(2), 265-274. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6302_6
McDonald, P., Pini, B., Bailey, J., & Price, R. (2011). Young people’s aspirations for education, work, family and leisure. Work, employment and society, 25(1), 68-84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017010389242
Mund, P. (2016). Kobasa concept of hardiness. International Research Journal of Engineering, IT and Scientific Research, 2(1), 34-40. URL: https://sloap.org/journals/index.php/irjeis/article/view/243
Mund, P. (2017). Hardiness and culture: a study with reference to 3 Cs of Kobasa. International Research Journal of Management, IT and Social Sciences, 4(2), 152-159. URL: https://sloap.org/journals/index.php/irjmis/article/view/456
Nekokerdaran, M., Izadi, M., & Mardani, M. (2022). The Relationship between Psychological Well-Being and Psychological Hardiness with Marital Intimacy in Married Women of Qom City. Journal of Excellence in counseling and psychotherapy, 10(40), 18-28 (In Persain). URL: https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.25382799.1400.10.40.2.0
Nunes, C., Martins, C., Leal, A., Pechorro, P., Ferreira, L. I., & Ayala-Nunes, L. (2022). The ENRICH Marital Satisfaction (EMS) Scale: A psychometric study in a sample of Portuguese parents. Social Sciences, 11(3), 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11030107
Predko, V., Schabus, M., & Danyliuk, I. (2023). Psychological characteristics of the relationship between mental health and hardiness of Ukrainians during the war. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1282326. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1282326
Proulx, C. M., & Snyder-Rivas, L. A. (2013). The longitudinal associations between marital happiness, problems, and self-rated health. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(2), 194–202. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031877
Rezaei, S., Seifizade, A., & Qorbanpoor Lafmejani, A. (2020). Mediating Role of Stress-Coping Responses in the Association of Resiliency and Hardiness With the Life Satisfaction of Married People. Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 6(3), 170-180. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/CJNS.6.22.7
Robles, T. F., Slatcher, R. B., Trombello, J. M., & McGinn, M. M. (2014). Marital quality and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 140(1), 140–187. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031859
Rosenfeld, M. J., & Roesler, K. (2019). Cohabitation experience and cohabitation's association with marital dissolution. Journal of marriage and family, 81(1), 42-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12530
Şahan, B. (2021). Does forgiveness affect marital satisfaction?. Spiritual psychology and counseling, 6(3), 83-108. https://doi.org/10.37898/spc.2021.6.3.146
Sayehmiri, K., Kareem, K. I., Abdi, K., Dalvand, S., & Gheshlagh, R. G. (2020). The relationship between personality traits and marital satisfaction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC psychology, 8, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-020-0383-z
Sepehrian-Azar, F., Mohammadi, N., Badalpoor, Z., & Norozzadeh, V. (2016). The relationship between hope and happiness with marital satisfaction. Journal of health and care, 18(1), 37-44 (In Persain). URL: https://hcjournal.arums.ac.ir/article-1-435-en.html
Shahbazi, M., & Khademali, G. (2018). The study and comparison of marital satisfaction, quality of life, happiness and life expectancy among married women with either less or more than five years of marital. Biannual Journal of Applied Counseling, 8(2), 39-54 (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22055/jac.2018.27623.1639
Snyder, C. R. (1996). To hope, to lose, and to hope again. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 1(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325029608415455
Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological inquiry, 13(4), 249-275. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1304_01
Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., ... & Harney, P. (1991). The will and the ways: development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of personality and social psychology, 60(4), 570. URL: https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/1991-17270-001
Thornton, M. S. (2018). Family hardiness, family coping, and marital satisfaction as reported by caregivers of children who have been diagnosed with significant disabilities: A mixed methods online research study (Doctoral dissertation). URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11274/10698
Wnuk, M. (2024). Are religious practices indirectly related to stress at work through the tendency to forgive? A sample of Polish employees. Journal of religion and health, 63(3), 2259-2275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01710-6
Worthington Jr, E. L., & Ripley, J. S. (2024). Hope, forgiveness, and positive psychology in couple therapy. Taylor & Francis. URL: https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=NBokEQAA
Yamhure Thompson, L., Snyder, C. R., & Hoffman, L. (2005). Heartland Forgiveness Sclae. Faculty Publications, Department of Psychology, 452. URL:https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1451&context=psychfacpub
Yau, W. P. (2015). Wong Kar‐wai, Auteur and Adaptor: Ashes of Time and In The Mood for Love. A Companion to Wong Kar‐wai, 540-557. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118425589.ch25
Yip, T. H. J., & Tse, W. S. (2019). Why hope can reduce negative emotion? Could psychosocial resource be the mediator? Psychology, health & medicine, 24(2), 193-206. 10.1080/13548506.2018.1493207
Zahed Babolan, A., Ghasempour, A., & Hassanzade, Sh. (2011). The Role of Forgiveness and Psychological Hardiness in Prediction of Hope. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology, 12(3), 12-19 (In Persian). URL: https://sanad.iau.ir/journal/jsrp/Article/533794?jid=533794

  • Receive Date 07 April 2024
  • Revise Date 03 May 2024
  • Accept Date 06 May 2024
  • First Publish Date 08 June 2024