Recent Innovations in Psychology

Recent Innovations in Psychology

The Relationship Between Integrated Self-knowledge, Emotional Distress Tolerance, and Critical Thinking in Students with Love Trauma Syndrome

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Abbas Najafipour Tabestanagh 1
Maryam Saghafi 2
Seyede Tayebe Eftekhari 3
Faranak Saeidi Moghadam 4
Mohammadreza Zaeri Behroz 5
1 MSc. in General Psychology, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
2 Ph.D. Student in General Psychology, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
3 MSc. in General Psychology, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University , Roudehen, Iran
4 MSc. in General Psychology, ZarinShahr Branch, Payam-e Noor University , ZarinShahr, Iran
5 MSc. Student in General Psychology, ,Eslamabad-e-Gharb Branch, Islamic Azad University,, Eslamabad-e-Gharb, Iran
10.22034/rip.2024.472037.1053
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the interrelationship between integrated self-knowledge, emotional distress tolerance, and critical thinking in students who have experienced love trauma syndrome. The study employed a descriptive correlation methodology. The study population comprised all students at Kharazmi University (Iran) diagnosed with love trauma syndrome during the 2023-2024 academic year. A statistical sample comprising 112 individuals with a score above 20 on the love trauma inventory (LTI), and within the age range of 18 to 38 years was selected. The data were collected using the Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale (ISS), the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS), and the Critical Thinking Disposition (EMI). The analysis was conducted using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The findings indicated that there is a significant correlation between integrative self-knowledge and the emotional distress tolerance (R2=0.53) and to engage in critical thinking (R2=0.68). Therefore, holding psychological workshops based on integrative self-knowledge is necessary. This approach is essential for fostering greater tolerance of emotional distress and critical thinking in students who have experienced love trauma syndrome.
Keywords
critical thinking
distress tolerance
integrated self-knowledge
romantic trauma syndrome

Subjects

References

Akbari, M., Talehpasand, S., Rahimian Boogar, I., & Amin Bidakhti, A. A. (2021). Effectiveness of integrative intervention of romantic Breakdown to improve the love trauma syndrome, academic resilience, academic well-being and self-distinction in students with romantic breakdown. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies, 18(44), 74-102 (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22111/jeps.2021.6671

Amanelahi, A., Moghadam, S. S., & Taghipour, M. (2022). Moderating role of insecure attachment styles in the relationship between spiritual compatibility with spiritual growth and psychological distress in university students who experienced emotional failure. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 24(3), 153-160. https://doi.org/10.22038/jfmh.2022.20068

Amininia, S. and Falahzadeh, H. (2024). Comparison of Object Relations and Psychological Needs in People with Severe and Mild Symptoms after Emotional Breakdown. Recent Innovations in Psychology, 1(2), 72-84 (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22034/rip.2024.193950

Ariana kia E., Rahimi, C., Mohammadi, N., & Aflakseir, A. (2021). Efficacy of transdiagnostic internet-based group therapy on distress tolerance and cognitive emotion regulation strategies on university students with adjustment disorder due to romantic breakup. Journal of Psychological Science. 20(106), 1749-1766 (In Persain). http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/JPS.20.106.1749

Asadi, F., Khodabakhsh Pirkalani, R., & Mehrinezhad, S. A. (2022). The Role of Emotional Self-Regulation Strategies, Defense Mechanisms and Integrative Self-Knowledge in Predicting Quality of Interpersonal Relationships. Journal of Modern Psychological Researches, 17(67), 1-11 (In Persain). https://doi.org/10.22034/jmpr.2022.15314

Bassi, G., Embaye, J., de Wit, M., Snoek, F. J., & Salcuni, S. (2023). The relationship between emotional self-awareness, emotion regulation, and diabetes distress among Italian and Dutch adults with type 1 diabetes. Frontiers in psychology, 14, 1288550. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1288550

Bolandnazar, K., Teimory, S., Rajaei, A., & Nejat, H. (2023). The effect of group dialectical behavior therapy on self-control, emotional regulation and disturbance tolerance of drug addicts. Iranian Journal of Rehabilitation Research in Nursing, 9(4), 52-62 (In Persian). http://dx.doi.org/10.22034/IJRN.9.4.6

Darling, N., & Burns, I. R. (2023). How does cross‐sectional sampling bias our understanding of adolescent romantic relationships?: An agent‐based simulation. Journal of Adolescence, 95(2), 296-310.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12114

Dastmardi, Z., Moghtader, L., Akbari, B. (2023). Comparing the Effectiveness of Mutual Behavior Analysis and Self-Compassion Therapy on SelfEsteem and Differentiation in Students with Emotional Failure. Journal of Islamic Life Style Centeredon Health, 7(1), 176-187 (In Persain). URL: https://www.sid.ir/fileserver/jf/3008114020117.pdf

Eslami, M., Mahdavinasab, Y., Khoshneshin, Z., & Modarressi Saryazdi, A. (2023). The Effect of Gamification in Flipped Classroom on the Critical Thinking of Female Child Trainer Students in Yazd Technical and Vocational College. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies, 20(51), 1-18 (In Persain).  https://doi.org/10.22111/jeps.2023.44059.5248

Espino, E., Guarini, A., & Del Rey, R. (2023). Effective coping with cyberbullying in boys and girls: the mediating role of self-awareness, responsible decision-making, and social support. Current Psychology, 42(36), 32134-32146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-04213-5

Fateri, Z., & Abdi, M. S. (2023). The survey of relationships among self-care with self-compassion, mindfulness, self-awareness and integrated self-knowledge in students. Medical Journal of Mashhad university of Medical Sciences, 65(6), 2624-2637 (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22038/mjms.2023.23775

Fumagalli, R. (2020). How thin rational choice theory explains choices. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 83, 63-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2020.03.003

Ghanizadeh, A. (2017). The interplay between reflective thinking, critical thinking, self-monitoring, and academic achievement in higher education. Higher Education, 74, 101-114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-016-0031-y

Gholamali Lavasani, M., Mirhosseini, F., Motahari Nasab, Z., & Ramesh, S. (2019). The mediating role of integrative self-knowledge in the relationship between basic psychological needs and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in adolescents. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi Journal (RRJ), 8(8), 1-8 (In Persain). URL: http://frooyesh.ir/article-1-1164-en.html

Ghorbani, N., Ghramaleki, A. F., & Watson, P. J. (2005). Constructive thinking inventory: Evidence of validity among Iranian managers. Psychological reports, 96(1), 115-121. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.96.1.115-121

Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., & Hargis, M. B. (2008). Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale: Correlations and incremental validity of a cross-cultural measure developed in Iran and the United States. The Journal of Psychology, 142(4), 395-412. https://doi.org/10.3200/JRPL.142.4.395-412

Gökçe, S., & Güner, P. (2024). Pathways from cognitive flexibility to academic achievement: mediating roles of critical thinking disposition and mathematics anxiety. Current Psychology, 43(20), 18192-18206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-05642-0

Hadi, S. A. A., & Gharaibeh, M. (2023). The Role of Self-Awareness in Predicting the Level of Emotional Regulation Difficulties among Faculty Members. Emerging Science Journal, 7(4), 1274-1293. https://doi.org/10.28991/ESJ-2023-07-04-017

Hamedi, A., & Heydarzadeh, N. (2024). Investigating the effect of religious attitude on students' critical thinking. Educational Development of Judishapur, 14(4), 381-392 (In Persain). https://doi.org/10.22118/edc.2024.433869.2428

Honghao, J., Po, Y., & Tianyu, Y. (2021). The influence of adolescents’ romantic relationship on individual development: Evidence from China. International Journal of Chinese Education, 10(3), 22125868211070036. https://doi.org/10.1177/22125868211070036

Ji, C., Yang, J., Lin, L., & Chen, S. (2022). Anxiety and sleep quality amelioration in college students: A comparative study between team sports and individual sports. Behavioral Sciences, 12(5), 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12050149

Klussman, K., Curtin, N., Langer, J., & Nichols, A. L. (2022). The importance of awareness, acceptance, and alignment with the self: A framework for understanding self-connection. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 18(1), 120-131. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.3707

Kuula, L., Partonen, T., & Pesonen, A. K. (2020). Emotions relating to romantic love—further disruptors of adolescent sleep. Sleep Health, 6(2), 159-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2020.01.006

Liw, L., Ciftci, A., & Kim, T. (2022). Cultural values, shame and guilt, and expressive suppression as predictors of depression. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 89, 90-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2022.05.005

Majolo, M., Gomes, W. B., & DeCastro, T. G. (2023). Self-Consciousness and Self-Awareness: Associations between Stable and Transitory Levels of Evidence. Behavioral Sciences, 13(2), 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13020117

Mokhtari, Z., Tavandel, A., Hosseini, Z., Gholami fard, F., & Najafipour tabestanagh, A. (2023).  Relationship between love failure and academic stress of Zanjan University students: Mediating role of cognitive regulation of emotion. Journal of Analitical-Cognitive Psycholoy, 14(52), 15-35 (In Persian). URL: https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.28222476.1402.14.1.2.7

Mosayebi dorche, E., Issazadegan, A., & Soleymani, E. (2022). The role of interpersonal quality and communication beliefs in predicting emotional failure. Journal of Psychological Science. 21(115), 1339-1358 (In Persain).  http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/JPS.21.115.1339

Oyama, Y., Manalo, E., & Nakatani, Y. (2018). The Hemingway effect: How failing to finish a task can have a positive effect on motivation. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 30, 7-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2018.01.001

Pakmehr, H., Mirdrogi, F., Ghanaei, A., & Karami, M. (2013). Reliability, Validity and Factor Analysis of Ricketts' Critical Thinking Disposition Scales in High School. Quarterly of Educational Measurement, 4(11), 33-54 (In Persain). URL: https://jem.atu.ac.ir/article_2678.html

Perdani, A. S., Hernani, H., & Ramalis, T. R. (2023). Examining the Correlation between Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving Skills of Junior High School Students Against Climate Change. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(9), 6904-6910. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i9.4438 

Ramaji, O., & Shakerinia, I. (2022). Comparison of emotional disclosure, perturbation tolerance, and lifestyle of gifted and ordinary students. Management and Educational Perspective, 3(4), 119-140(In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22034/jmep.2022.316932.1087

Rezapour Mirsaleh, Y., & Esmaeelbeigi Mahani, M. (2017). The Relationship Between Cognitive Flexibility and Distress Tolerance by the Mediating Role of Negative Problem Orientation in Orphans and Abandoned Adolescent . Journal of Social Work, 6(3), 22-31(In Persain). URL: http://socialworkmag.ir/article-1-337-en.html

Ricketts, J. C. (2003). Critical thinking skills of selected youth leaders: The efficacy of leadership development, critical thinking dispositions, and student academic performance (Doctoral dissertation, University of Florida). https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2005.01032

Simons, J. S., & Gaher, R. M. (2005). The Distress Tolerance Scale: Development and validation of a self-report measure. Motivation and emotion, 29(2), 83-102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-005-7955-3

Townsend, J. M., Jonason, P. K., & Wasserman, T. H. (2020). Associations between motives for casual sex, depression, self-esteem, and sexual victimization. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49, 1189-1197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01482-3

Weitbrecht, E. M., & Whitton, S. W. (2020). College students’ motivations for “hooking up”: Similarities and differences in motives by gender and partner type. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 9(3), 123. https://doi.org/10.1037/cfp0000138

Zhou, L., Cai, E., Thitinan, C., Khunanan, S., Wu, Y., & Liu, G. (2024). Explaining the relation between perceived social support and psychological well-being among chinese nursing students: A serial multiple mediator model involving integrative self-knowledge and self-integrity. Psychological Reports, 127(2), 594-619. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941221127625

References
Akbari, M., Talehpasand, S., Rahimian Boogar, I., & Amin Bidakhti, A. A. (2021). Effectiveness of integrative intervention of romantic Breakdown to improve the love trauma syndrome, academic resilience, academic well-being and self-distinction in students with romantic breakdown. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies, 18(44), 74-102 (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22111/jeps.2021.6671
Amanelahi, A., Moghadam, S. S., & Taghipour, M. (2022). Moderating role of insecure attachment styles in the relationship between spiritual compatibility with spiritual growth and psychological distress in university students who experienced emotional failure. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 24(3), 153-160. https://doi.org/10.22038/jfmh.2022.20068
Amininia, S. and Falahzadeh, H. (2024). Comparison of Object Relations and Psychological Needs in People with Severe and Mild Symptoms after Emotional Breakdown. Recent Innovations in Psychology, 1(2), 72-84 (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22034/rip.2024.193950
Ariana kia E., Rahimi, C., Mohammadi, N., & Aflakseir, A. (2021). Efficacy of transdiagnostic internet-based group therapy on distress tolerance and cognitive emotion regulation strategies on university students with adjustment disorder due to romantic breakup. Journal of Psychological Science. 20(106), 1749-1766 (In Persain). http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/JPS.20.106.1749
Asadi, F., Khodabakhsh Pirkalani, R., & Mehrinezhad, S. A. (2022). The Role of Emotional Self-Regulation Strategies, Defense Mechanisms and Integrative Self-Knowledge in Predicting Quality of Interpersonal Relationships. Journal of Modern Psychological Researches, 17(67), 1-11 (In Persain). https://doi.org/10.22034/jmpr.2022.15314
Bassi, G., Embaye, J., de Wit, M., Snoek, F. J., & Salcuni, S. (2023). The relationship between emotional self-awareness, emotion regulation, and diabetes distress among Italian and Dutch adults with type 1 diabetes. Frontiers in psychology, 14, 1288550. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1288550
Bolandnazar, K., Teimory, S., Rajaei, A., & Nejat, H. (2023). The effect of group dialectical behavior therapy on self-control, emotional regulation and disturbance tolerance of drug addicts. Iranian Journal of Rehabilitation Research in Nursing, 9(4), 52-62 (In Persian). http://dx.doi.org/10.22034/IJRN.9.4.6
Darling, N., & Burns, I. R. (2023). How does cross‐sectional sampling bias our understanding of adolescent romantic relationships?: An agent‐based simulation. Journal of Adolescence, 95(2), 296-310.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12114
Dastmardi, Z., Moghtader, L., Akbari, B. (2023). Comparing the Effectiveness of Mutual Behavior Analysis and Self-Compassion Therapy on SelfEsteem and Differentiation in Students with Emotional Failure. Journal of Islamic Life Style Centeredon Health, 7(1), 176-187 (In Persain). URL: https://www.sid.ir/fileserver/jf/3008114020117.pdf
Eslami, M., Mahdavinasab, Y., Khoshneshin, Z., & Modarressi Saryazdi, A. (2023). The Effect of Gamification in Flipped Classroom on the Critical Thinking of Female Child Trainer Students in Yazd Technical and Vocational College. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies, 20(51), 1-18 (In Persain).  https://doi.org/10.22111/jeps.2023.44059.5248
Espino, E., Guarini, A., & Del Rey, R. (2023). Effective coping with cyberbullying in boys and girls: the mediating role of self-awareness, responsible decision-making, and social support. Current Psychology, 42(36), 32134-32146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-04213-5
Fateri, Z., & Abdi, M. S. (2023). The survey of relationships among self-care with self-compassion, mindfulness, self-awareness and integrated self-knowledge in students. Medical Journal of Mashhad university of Medical Sciences, 65(6), 2624-2637 (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22038/mjms.2023.23775
Fumagalli, R. (2020). How thin rational choice theory explains choices. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 83, 63-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2020.03.003
Ghanizadeh, A. (2017). The interplay between reflective thinking, critical thinking, self-monitoring, and academic achievement in higher education. Higher Education, 74, 101-114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-016-0031-y
Gholamali Lavasani, M., Mirhosseini, F., Motahari Nasab, Z., & Ramesh, S. (2019). The mediating role of integrative self-knowledge in the relationship between basic psychological needs and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in adolescents. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi Journal (RRJ), 8(8), 1-8 (In Persain). URL: http://frooyesh.ir/article-1-1164-en.html
Ghorbani, N., Ghramaleki, A. F., & Watson, P. J. (2005). Constructive thinking inventory: Evidence of validity among Iranian managers. Psychological reports, 96(1), 115-121. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.96.1.115-121
Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., & Hargis, M. B. (2008). Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale: Correlations and incremental validity of a cross-cultural measure developed in Iran and the United States. The Journal of Psychology, 142(4), 395-412. https://doi.org/10.3200/JRPL.142.4.395-412
Gökçe, S., & Güner, P. (2024). Pathways from cognitive flexibility to academic achievement: mediating roles of critical thinking disposition and mathematics anxiety. Current Psychology, 43(20), 18192-18206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-05642-0
Hadi, S. A. A., & Gharaibeh, M. (2023). The Role of Self-Awareness in Predicting the Level of Emotional Regulation Difficulties among Faculty Members. Emerging Science Journal, 7(4), 1274-1293. https://doi.org/10.28991/ESJ-2023-07-04-017
Hamedi, A., & Heydarzadeh, N. (2024). Investigating the effect of religious attitude on students' critical thinking. Educational Development of Judishapur, 14(4), 381-392 (In Persain). https://doi.org/10.22118/edc.2024.433869.2428
Honghao, J., Po, Y., & Tianyu, Y. (2021). The influence of adolescents’ romantic relationship on individual development: Evidence from China. International Journal of Chinese Education, 10(3), 22125868211070036. https://doi.org/10.1177/22125868211070036
Ji, C., Yang, J., Lin, L., & Chen, S. (2022). Anxiety and sleep quality amelioration in college students: A comparative study between team sports and individual sports. Behavioral Sciences, 12(5), 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12050149
Klussman, K., Curtin, N., Langer, J., & Nichols, A. L. (2022). The importance of awareness, acceptance, and alignment with the self: A framework for understanding self-connection. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 18(1), 120-131. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.3707
Kuula, L., Partonen, T., & Pesonen, A. K. (2020). Emotions relating to romantic love—further disruptors of adolescent sleep. Sleep Health, 6(2), 159-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2020.01.006
Liw, L., Ciftci, A., & Kim, T. (2022). Cultural values, shame and guilt, and expressive suppression as predictors of depression. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 89, 90-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2022.05.005
Majolo, M., Gomes, W. B., & DeCastro, T. G. (2023). Self-Consciousness and Self-Awareness: Associations between Stable and Transitory Levels of Evidence. Behavioral Sciences, 13(2), 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13020117
Mokhtari, Z., Tavandel, A., Hosseini, Z., Gholami fard, F., & Najafipour tabestanagh, A. (2023).  Relationship between love failure and academic stress of Zanjan University students: Mediating role of cognitive regulation of emotion. Journal of Analitical-Cognitive Psycholoy, 14(52), 15-35 (In Persian). URL: https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.28222476.1402.14.1.2.7
Mosayebi dorche, E., Issazadegan, A., & Soleymani, E. (2022). The role of interpersonal quality and communication beliefs in predicting emotional failure. Journal of Psychological Science. 21(115), 1339-1358 (In Persain).  http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/JPS.21.115.1339
Oyama, Y., Manalo, E., & Nakatani, Y. (2018). The Hemingway effect: How failing to finish a task can have a positive effect on motivation. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 30, 7-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2018.01.001
Pakmehr, H., Mirdrogi, F., Ghanaei, A., & Karami, M. (2013). Reliability, Validity and Factor Analysis of Ricketts' Critical Thinking Disposition Scales in High School. Quarterly of Educational Measurement, 4(11), 33-54 (In Persain). URL: https://jem.atu.ac.ir/article_2678.html
Perdani, A. S., Hernani, H., & Ramalis, T. R. (2023). Examining the Correlation between Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving Skills of Junior High School Students Against Climate Change. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(9), 6904-6910. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i9.4438 
Ramaji, O., & Shakerinia, I. (2022). Comparison of emotional disclosure, perturbation tolerance, and lifestyle of gifted and ordinary students. Management and Educational Perspective, 3(4), 119-140(In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22034/jmep.2022.316932.1087
Rezapour Mirsaleh, Y., & Esmaeelbeigi Mahani, M. (2017). The Relationship Between Cognitive Flexibility and Distress Tolerance by the Mediating Role of Negative Problem Orientation in Orphans and Abandoned Adolescent . Journal of Social Work, 6(3), 22-31(In Persain). URL: http://socialworkmag.ir/article-1-337-en.html
Ricketts, J. C. (2003). Critical thinking skills of selected youth leaders: The efficacy of leadership development, critical thinking dispositions, and student academic performance (Doctoral dissertation, University of Florida). https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2005.01032
Simons, J. S., & Gaher, R. M. (2005). The Distress Tolerance Scale: Development and validation of a self-report measure. Motivation and emotion, 29(2), 83-102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-005-7955-3
Townsend, J. M., Jonason, P. K., & Wasserman, T. H. (2020). Associations between motives for casual sex, depression, self-esteem, and sexual victimization. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49, 1189-1197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01482-3
Weitbrecht, E. M., & Whitton, S. W. (2020). College students’ motivations for “hooking up”: Similarities and differences in motives by gender and partner type. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 9(3), 123. https://doi.org/10.1037/cfp0000138
Zhou, L., Cai, E., Thitinan, C., Khunanan, S., Wu, Y., & Liu, G. (2024). Explaining the relation between perceived social support and psychological well-being among chinese nursing students: A serial multiple mediator model involving integrative self-knowledge and self-integrity. Psychological Reports, 127(2), 594-619. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941221127625

  • Receive Date 06 August 2024
  • Revise Date 02 September 2024
  • Accept Date 05 September 2024
  • First Publish Date 15 November 2024