Recent Innovations in Psychology

Recent Innovations in Psychology

Comparison of Resilience, Life Satisfaction and Hope in Female and Male University Students

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Rogayeh Najafi Shahgoli 1
Nasrin Mozaffar Sani Azar 2
Sajjad Almardani Someeh 3
1 MSc. Student in Clinical Psychology, Medical Sciences, Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
2 MSc. in Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
3 Ph.D.in Psychology, Department of Psychology, Payam Noor University, Tabriz, Iran
10.22034/rip.2025.488353.1069
Abstract
The present study set out to compare hardiness, life satisfaction, and hope in male and female university students. The research design employed was a causal comparative. In the 2023-2024 academic year, a sample of fifty students (25 female and 25 male) from the University of Tabriz (Tabriz, Iran) was selected using a cluster sampling method. The collection of data was conducted utilizing Kobasa's Hardiness Questionnaire (HQ), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and the Snyder Hope Scale (SHS). Multivariate analysis of variance demonstrated that male students exhibited higher scores in hardiness and life satisfaction when compared to their female counterparts. Conversely, female students demonstrated higher levels of hope in comparison to their male peers (P<0.05). The present findings underscore the impact of gender differences on psychological traits and emphasize the necessity of incorporating cultural and social factors into explanations of these differences. It is recommended that future research employs larger and more diverse samples to gain a more profound understanding of these variables and their longitudinal effects.
Keywords
hardiness
hope
life satisfaction

Subjects

References

Bador, N. (2014). The relationship between hope and self-esteem: A study in positive psychology (Master's thesis). University of Väst, Department of Individual and Society. Supervisors: Linda Lundin & Anna-Christina Blomkvist. Examiner: Josefa Vega. URL: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:787912

Bartone, P. T. (2024). Hardiness, leadership style and gender as predictors of leader performance in military academy cadets. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 65(2), 223-230. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12969

Bartram, D. (2022). The ‘gender life-satisfaction/depression paradox’is an artefact of inappropriate control variables. Social Indicators Research, 164(3), 1061-1072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-022-02986-7

Bowers, R. M., & Bowers, E. P. (2023). A literature review on the role of hope in promoting positive youth development across non-WEIRD contexts. Children, 10(2), 346. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020346

Dana, A., Ranjbari, S., Salehian, M. H., & Shayan Matin, P. (2021). Effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Mental Health of High-School Students during COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of School Health, 8(4), 201-208. https://doi.org/10.30476/intjsh.2021.92100.1165

Dargan, S., MacDonald, K. B., & Schermer, J. A. (2021). Exploring locus-of-hope: Relational tendencies, self-esteem, attachment, and gender. Behavioral Sciences, 11(9), 120.  https://doi.org/10.3390/bs11090120

Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Grifn, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13

Diener, E., Sandvik, E., Seidlitz, L., & Diener, M. (1993). The relationship between income and subjective well-being: Relative or absolute?. Social indicators research, 28(3), 195-223. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01079018

Eid, M., & Diener, E. (2004). Global judgments of subjective well-being: Situational variability and long-term stability. Social indicators research, 65(3), 245-277. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SOCI.0000003801.89195.bc

Eriksson, K., & Strimling, P. (2023). Gender differences in competitiveness and fear of failure help explain why girls have lower life satisfaction than boys in gender-equal countries. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article 1131837. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1131837

Geiger, N., Dwyer, T., & Swim, J. K. (2023). Hopium or empowering hope? A meta-analysis of hope and climate engagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1139427. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1139427

Golabi, F., Koohi, K., & Hajimohammadi, F. (2022). Exploring Social Determinants of Life Satisfaction among Citizens. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Journal of Social Sciences, 19(3), 135-103 (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22067/social.2023.78270.1218

Gooderzi, S. (2023). Comparison of defense mechanisms, psychological toughness and social adjustment of male and female students. Scientific Journal of Research Studies in Future Psychology, 1(1), 59-70 (In Persian). URL: https://journalhi.com/psy/article/view/11?articlesBySameAuthorPage=3

Grygorenko, Z., & Naydonova, G. (2023). The concept of resilience: history of formation and approaches to definition. Public Administration and Law Review, (2), 76–88. https://doi.org/10.36690/2674-5216-2023-2-76-8.

Jianping, G., Zhihui, Z., Roslan, S., Zaremohzzabieh, Z., Burhanuddin, N. A. N., & Geok, S. K. (2023). Improving hardiness among university students: A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 994453. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.994453

Kayonda, H. N., Kandala, N.-B., Ilenda, F. B., & Mupolo, P. K. (2023). Are men’s happiness and life satisfaction linked to why men die earlier than women? A panel study from 1981 to 2020 in 102 countries. Journal of Happiness and Health, 3(1), 14-33. https://doi.org/10.47602/johah.v3i1.33.

Kermani, Z., Khodapanahi, M., & Heidari, M. (). Psychometric properties of the Snyder Hope Scale. Applied Psychology, 5(3), 7-23(In Persian). URL:  https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.20084331.1390.5.4.7.8

Khedmat-Bin Dana, SR., & Rajabi, Y. (2023). Examining the Relationship between Frustration Tolerance and Life Expectancy among Male and Female Students of Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch. The Fourth National Conference on Psychopathology, Ardabil. URL: https://civilica.com/doc/1954843/

Kobasa, S. C. (1979). Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.1.1

Kobasa, S. C. O., Maddi, S. R., Puccetti, M. C., & Zola, M. A. (1985). Effectiveness of hardiness, exercise and social support as resources against illness. Journal of psychosomatic research, 29(5), 525-533. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(85)90086-8

Maddi, S. R., & Khoshaba, D. M. (1994). Hardiness and mental health. Journal of personality Assessment, 63(2), 265-274. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6302_6

Malvaso, A., & Kang, W. (2022). The relationship between areas of life satisfaction, personality, and overall life satisfaction: An integrated account. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 894610. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.894610

Mardanifar, F., Zahirinia, M., & Rastegar, Y. (2019). Social Capital and Hope for the Future among Students (Study of Bandar Abbas Universities). Social Capital Management, 6(1), 85-104 (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22059/jscm.2019.256221.1587

Marsay, G. (2020). A hope-based future orientation intervention to arrest adversity. South African Journal of Education, 40(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v40n1a1559.

Oral, M., & Karakurt, N. (2022). The impact of psychological hardiness on intolerance of uncertainty in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Community Psychology, 50(8), 3574-3589. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22856

Potard, C., Madamet, A., Huart, I., El Hage, W., & Courtois, R. (2018). Relationships between hardiness, exposure to traumatic events and PTSD symptoms among French police officers. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 2(4), 165-171.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2017.10.007

Puri, P. (2019). Psychological Hardiness: A Comparative Study of Males and Females. International Journal of Indian Psychȯlogy, 7(3), 165-171. https://doi.org/10.25215/0703.037

Rasool, R. (2020). Psychological hardiness among undergraduate students. International Journal of Social Relevance & Concern, 8(10), 15-18. https://doi.org/10.26821/IJSRC.8.10.2020.8905

Rezaei Gazki, P., Delavar, A., & Samavi, A. (2019). Does academic commitment affect the learners' progress through academic buoyancy? A structural equation model. Iranian Evolutionary Educational Psychology Journal, 1(3), 196-203. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/ieepj.1.3.196

Roshanaei, M., & Qalaei, B. (2020). A Comparison of Life Satisfaction and Resilience among Male and Female Students at Farhangian University in Markazi Province. The Second Congress on New Findings in Family, Mental Health, Disorders, Prevention, and Education (In Persian). URL: https://civilica.com/doc/1038092/

Sengupta, S., & Karmakar, R. (2021). A comparative study on hope between adolescent male and female. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 9(3), 881-894. URL: https://ijip.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/18.01.082.0210903.pdf

Sheikhi, Mansoureh., Houman, Heidar Ali., Ahadi, Hasan., & Sepah Mansour, Mozhgan. (2011). Psychometric Properties of Satisfaction with Life Scale, Thought and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 5(19), 15-26 (In Persian). URL: https://www.magiran.com/p863690

Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13(4), 249–275. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1304_01

Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., & et al. (1991). The will and the ways: development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(4), 570. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.570

Snyder, C. R., Lopze, S. J., Shorey, H. S., Rand, K. L., & Feldman, D. B. (2003). Hope theory, measurement and application to school psychology, School Psychology Quarterly, 18(2), 122-139. https://doi.org/10.1521/scpq.18.2.122.21854

References
Bador, N. (2014). The relationship between hope and self-esteem: A study in positive psychology (Master's thesis). University of Väst, Department of Individual and Society. Supervisors: Linda Lundin & Anna-Christina Blomkvist. Examiner: Josefa Vega. URL: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:787912
Bartone, P. T. (2024). Hardiness, leadership style and gender as predictors of leader performance in military academy cadets. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 65(2), 223-230. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12969
Bartram, D. (2022). The ‘gender life-satisfaction/depression paradox’is an artefact of inappropriate control variables. Social Indicators Research, 164(3), 1061-1072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-022-02986-7
Bowers, R. M., & Bowers, E. P. (2023). A literature review on the role of hope in promoting positive youth development across non-WEIRD contexts. Children, 10(2), 346. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020346
Dana, A., Ranjbari, S., Salehian, M. H., & Shayan Matin, P. (2021). Effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Mental Health of High-School Students during COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of School Health, 8(4), 201-208. https://doi.org/10.30476/intjsh.2021.92100.1165
Dargan, S., MacDonald, K. B., & Schermer, J. A. (2021). Exploring locus-of-hope: Relational tendencies, self-esteem, attachment, and gender. Behavioral Sciences, 11(9), 120.  https://doi.org/10.3390/bs11090120
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Grifn, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
Diener, E., Sandvik, E., Seidlitz, L., & Diener, M. (1993). The relationship between income and subjective well-being: Relative or absolute?. Social indicators research, 28(3), 195-223. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01079018
Eid, M., & Diener, E. (2004). Global judgments of subjective well-being: Situational variability and long-term stability. Social indicators research, 65(3), 245-277. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SOCI.0000003801.89195.bc
Eriksson, K., & Strimling, P. (2023). Gender differences in competitiveness and fear of failure help explain why girls have lower life satisfaction than boys in gender-equal countries. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article 1131837. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1131837
Geiger, N., Dwyer, T., & Swim, J. K. (2023). Hopium or empowering hope? A meta-analysis of hope and climate engagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1139427. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1139427
Golabi, F., Koohi, K., & Hajimohammadi, F. (2022). Exploring Social Determinants of Life Satisfaction among Citizens. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Journal of Social Sciences, 19(3), 135-103 (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22067/social.2023.78270.1218
Gooderzi, S. (2023). Comparison of defense mechanisms, psychological toughness and social adjustment of male and female students. Scientific Journal of Research Studies in Future Psychology, 1(1), 59-70 (In Persian). URL: https://journalhi.com/psy/article/view/11?articlesBySameAuthorPage=3
Grygorenko, Z., & Naydonova, G. (2023). The concept of resilience: history of formation and approaches to definition. Public Administration and Law Review, (2), 76–88. https://doi.org/10.36690/2674-5216-2023-2-76-8.
Jianping, G., Zhihui, Z., Roslan, S., Zaremohzzabieh, Z., Burhanuddin, N. A. N., & Geok, S. K. (2023). Improving hardiness among university students: A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 994453. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.994453
Kayonda, H. N., Kandala, N.-B., Ilenda, F. B., & Mupolo, P. K. (2023). Are men’s happiness and life satisfaction linked to why men die earlier than women? A panel study from 1981 to 2020 in 102 countries. Journal of Happiness and Health, 3(1), 14-33. https://doi.org/10.47602/johah.v3i1.33.
Kermani, Z., Khodapanahi, M., & Heidari, M. (). Psychometric properties of the Snyder Hope Scale. Applied Psychology, 5(3), 7-23(In Persian). URL:  https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.20084331.1390.5.4.7.8
Khedmat-Bin Dana, SR., & Rajabi, Y. (2023). Examining the Relationship between Frustration Tolerance and Life Expectancy among Male and Female Students of Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch. The Fourth National Conference on Psychopathology, Ardabil. URL: https://civilica.com/doc/1954843/
Kobasa, S. C. (1979). Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.1.1
Kobasa, S. C. O., Maddi, S. R., Puccetti, M. C., & Zola, M. A. (1985). Effectiveness of hardiness, exercise and social support as resources against illness. Journal of psychosomatic research, 29(5), 525-533. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(85)90086-8
Maddi, S. R., & Khoshaba, D. M. (1994). Hardiness and mental health. Journal of personality Assessment, 63(2), 265-274. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6302_6
Malvaso, A., & Kang, W. (2022). The relationship between areas of life satisfaction, personality, and overall life satisfaction: An integrated account. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 894610. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.894610
Mardanifar, F., Zahirinia, M., & Rastegar, Y. (2019). Social Capital and Hope for the Future among Students (Study of Bandar Abbas Universities). Social Capital Management, 6(1), 85-104 (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22059/jscm.2019.256221.1587
Marsay, G. (2020). A hope-based future orientation intervention to arrest adversity. South African Journal of Education, 40(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v40n1a1559.
Oral, M., & Karakurt, N. (2022). The impact of psychological hardiness on intolerance of uncertainty in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Community Psychology, 50(8), 3574-3589. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22856
Potard, C., Madamet, A., Huart, I., El Hage, W., & Courtois, R. (2018). Relationships between hardiness, exposure to traumatic events and PTSD symptoms among French police officers. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 2(4), 165-171.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2017.10.007
Puri, P. (2019). Psychological Hardiness: A Comparative Study of Males and Females. International Journal of Indian Psychȯlogy, 7(3), 165-171. https://doi.org/10.25215/0703.037
Rasool, R. (2020). Psychological hardiness among undergraduate students. International Journal of Social Relevance & Concern, 8(10), 15-18. https://doi.org/10.26821/IJSRC.8.10.2020.8905
Rezaei Gazki, P., Delavar, A., & Samavi, A. (2019). Does academic commitment affect the learners' progress through academic buoyancy? A structural equation model. Iranian Evolutionary Educational Psychology Journal, 1(3), 196-203. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/ieepj.1.3.196
Roshanaei, M., & Qalaei, B. (2020). A Comparison of Life Satisfaction and Resilience among Male and Female Students at Farhangian University in Markazi Province. The Second Congress on New Findings in Family, Mental Health, Disorders, Prevention, and Education (In Persian). URL: https://civilica.com/doc/1038092/
Sengupta, S., & Karmakar, R. (2021). A comparative study on hope between adolescent male and female. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 9(3), 881-894. URL: https://ijip.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/18.01.082.0210903.pdf
Sheikhi, Mansoureh., Houman, Heidar Ali., Ahadi, Hasan., & Sepah Mansour, Mozhgan. (2011). Psychometric Properties of Satisfaction with Life Scale, Thought and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 5(19), 15-26 (In Persian). URL: https://www.magiran.com/p863690
Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13(4), 249–275. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1304_01
Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., & et al. (1991). The will and the ways: development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(4), 570. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.570
Snyder, C. R., Lopze, S. J., Shorey, H. S., Rand, K. L., & Feldman, D. B. (2003). Hope theory, measurement and application to school psychology, School Psychology Quarterly, 18(2), 122-139. https://doi.org/10.1521/scpq.18.2.122.21854
Recent Innovations in Psychology
Volume 2, Issue 3 - Serial Number 7
Summer 2025
Pages 91-103

  • Receive Date 25 November 2024
  • Revise Date 31 December 2024
  • Accept Date 02 January 2025
  • First Publish Date 03 January 2025