The present study aimed to examine the relationship between neuroticism and neuropsychological functioning and risky driving behaviors among heavy vehicle drivers. In a correlational design, 100 heavy vehicle drivers (trucks, tractor-trailers, and buses) attending health card service centers and technical inspection centers in Najafabad were selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Manchester Driver Behavior Questionnaire (M-DBQ), the Amen Brain System Checklist (ABSC), and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory short form (NEO-FFI). The findings indicated positive and significant correlations among the study variables (p < .01). Regression analysis also showed that neuroticism (β = .17), hyperactivity (β = .20), and basal ganglia function (β = .39) were positive predictors of risky driving behavior. Risky driving is a multifactorial phenomenon, and neuroticism, prefrontal hyperactivity, and basal ganglia function play roles in it. Despite limitations such as the correlational design and self-report instruments, psychological and neuropsychological screening and interventions targeting emotion regulation, impulse control, sustained attention, and decision-making are recommended for heavy vehicle drivers and for the process of issuing and renewing driver’s licenses.